2025 has become a peak period for blockchain technology upgrades, with the three major public chains delivering impressive results.

Bitcoin has taken the most significant actions. The OP_RETURN limit has been increased from 80 bytes directly to 4MB, opening up new possibilities for on-chain data expansion. At the same time, it is also promoting smart contract capabilities such as CTV (CheckTemplateVerify) and CSFS (CheckSigFromStack). These upgrades are gradually evolving Bitcoin towards greater programmability. Additionally, the first third-party audit has been completed, indicating that these changes have been rigorously reviewed by professional teams.

Ethereum's pace is also swift. The dual upgrades of Pectra and Fusaka have been implemented consecutively, directly enhancing the processing performance at the L1 layer. Layer 2 solutions have also benefited, with significant improvements in scalability. Furthermore, progress is being made on the ERC-8004 AI standard and the privacy roadmap, demonstrating Ethereum's emphasis on artificial intelligence integration and user privacy protection.

Solana continues to refine network performance through core optimization schemes like Firedancer and Alpenglow, with multiple SIMD upgrades steadily advancing.

Overall, in 2025, major public chains are all working towards higher throughput and better user experience, with the maturity of the technological ecosystem accelerating noticeably.