Maximal extractable value (MEV) refers to the economic value diverted from users by block builders through the manipulation of transaction ordering. The most harmful type of MEV are sandwich attacks, where an attacker simultaneously frontruns and backruns a victim’s swaps. This gives the victim a

The upcoming Fusaka upgrade to Ethereum could reshape the way value flows from Layer 2 (L2) networks back to ETH. Currently, the vast majority of economic activity generated by rollups—including MEV extraction, sequencing revenue, and transaction ordering—remains confined to the L2 layer, with profits going to independent operators rather than Ethereum itself. The latest analysis from on-chain intelligence firm Nansen suggests that this Ethereum upgrade could change that situation.

Original Authors: Mao Jiehao, Liu Fuqi
Introduction: From HTTP 402 to the Dawn of the Machine Economy
In 1996, the designers of the HTTP protocol reserved the "402 Payment Required" status code, but due to the lack of supporting payment infrastructure, it became the "ghost code" of the Internet era.
Thirty years later, the x402 protocol, initiated and promoted by Coinbase, has awakened this dormant status code into a "digital cash register" for AI autonomous transactions. When meteorological AI robots automatically purchase global weather data and self-driving cars pay road tolls in real time, the traditional payment logic of "account opening-authentication-authorization" is being dismantled—x402, through the closed loop of "HTTP request-402 response-on-chain payment-service delivery," has, for the first time, enabled atomic transactions between machines without human intervention.
Behind this transformation is the rise of the "machine economy"

On December 4, Gate launched the limited-time "December Miracle Feast" event, with a total prize pool of up to 100,000 USDT.
This is not an isolated case. The exchange has built a comprehensive value capture system—from high-frequency traders to “static whales”—by deeply linking VIP levels, trading behaviors, and generous rewards.
01 Annual Highlight: Gate VIP Event Overview and Year-End Sprint
As the year draws to a close, Gate Exchange’s VIP event matrix is advancing on multiple fronts, offering diverse participation paths for users of different levels.
The most notable is the newly launched “December Miracle Feast.” This event runs from December 4 to December 18, featuring both universality and competitiveness.
Users only need to complete any contract trading volume ≥ 5,000 USDT per day

Bitcoin breaks through $93,000, driving a rebound in the crypto market, with Sui (SUI) standing out, surging over 30% in 24 hours. Its rise is fueled by technical upgrades, AI narratives, and trading platform support. The outlook remains optimistic, with SUI predicted to potentially reach $5-6, but attention should be paid to risks associated with token unlocks.